African Americans health disparities Essay Example for Free

African Americans health disparities Essay In 2010, the death rate for blacks was higher (25. 0 per 100,000) compared with any other racial ethnicity group (3. 0 whites). Blacks represented 49% of all deaths with HIV in 2010. A recent study showed that blacks diagnosed with HIV are less likely than other groups to be linked to care, retained in care, receive antiretroviral treatment and achieve adequate viral suppression. African American Males African American men accounted for 42% of HIV cases diagnosed among men in 2011. A majority (72%) of African American men with HIV contracted the disease by male to male contact while 19% contracted HIV through heterosexual exposure. African American Females Among African American women, high risk heterosexual contact was the most frequently cited mode of transmission, accounting for 89% of cases diagnosed in 2011. More Information: ?HIV/AIDS TOPIC SITE ?HIV/AIDS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ?HIV/AIDS STATISTICS AND SURVEILLANCE Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Gonorrhea In 2010, 69% of all reported cases of gonorrhea occurred among blacks. The rate of gonorrhea among blacks in 2010 was 432. 5 cases per 100,000 population, which was 18. 7 times the rate among whites (23. 1). This disparity has changed little in recent years. This disparity was larger for black men (22.2 times) than for black women (16. 2 times). Chlamydia In 2010, the overall rate among blacks in the United States was 1,167. 5 cases per 100,000, a 4. 0% increase from the 2009 rate of 1,122. 2 cases per 100,000. The rate of chlamydia among black women was over seven times the rate among white women (1,536. 5 and 205. 1 per 100,000 women, respectively). The chlamydia rate among black men was almost 11 times the rate among white men (761. 8 and 69. 9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively). Syphilis During 2009–2010, the rate of primary and secondary (PS) syphilis among blacks decreased 8. 7% (from 18. 4 to 16. 8 cases per 100,000 population). In 2010, 47. 4% of all cases reported to CDC were among blacks and 31. 0% of all cases were among whites. The overall 2010 rate for blacks was eight times the rate for whites, while the 2009 rate was 9. 2 times the rate for whites. In 2010, the rate of PS syphilis among black men was 7. 1 times the rate among white men; the rate among black women was 21 times the rate among white women. In 2010, the rate of congenital syphilis was 33. 1 cases per 100,000 live births among blacks. Race/ethnicity for cases of congenital syphilis is based on the mother’s race/ethnicity. This rates was 12. 3 times the rate among whites (2. 7 cases per 100,000.live births). More Information: ?STD TOPIC SITE ?STDS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES ?STD SURVEILLANCE REPORT ?STDS IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES Viral Hepatitis Acute Hepatitis A During the past 10 years, there has been little difference between the rates of acute hepatitis A among white non-Hispanics and black non-Hispanics. The 2011 rates for these groups were 0. 29 and 0. 27 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Acute Hepatitis B In 2011, the rate of acute hepatitis B was highest for Black non-Hispanics (1. 4 cases per 100,000 population). Acute Hepatitis C During 2002–2010, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C remained below 0. 5 cases per 100,000. The rate of hepatitis C among Black non-Hispanics increased 27. 3% (to 0. 14 case per 100,000 population in 2011). More Information: ?VIRAL HEPATITIS TOPIC SITE ?SURVEILLANCE REPORT FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS Tuberculosis (TB) In 2010, 84% of all reported TB cases occurred in racial and ethnic minorities. Non- Hispanic blacks or African Americans accounted for 24% of TB cases in 2010. African Americans make up approximately 14% of the U. S. population, but accounted for 40% of TB cases in U. S. -born persons. Overall, 11,182 TB cases were reported to CDC from the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2010.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and

Introduction of Apollo food holdings berhad Essay

The Apollo Food Industry Company which is manufacturing compound chocolate confectionery products and layer cakes based in Malaysia. Apollo’s product mainly divided into two main categories. They are Chocolate Wafer products and Layer cake, Chocolate Layer Cake and Swiss roll products. Apollo Company is the leading company in Malaysia which produce layer cakes and chocolate confectionery products. These cakes are exported very highly to Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, India, Middle East, Mauritius, and Maldives. The company aim is to always fulfill the customer needs and requirement by using the latest equipments and technology. Introduction of oriental food industry berhad Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd was established in 1978. Today the company is in the leading position in the snack food and confectionery industry in Malaysia. The company produce four broad categories of junk foods; they are snack food, wafer, potato snacks and bakery products. The company various product has brand names like Rota, Super Ring, Jacker and Oriental are well-known household brand names in Malaysia. The company manufacturing plants are located in air keroh industrial estate in Malacca. In addition year by year the company spend a lot of money for research and development to meet the customers taste. Lately they were start producing potato chips and snacks, potato crisps, soft and layer cakes, water cubes, prawn crackers, Swiss rolls, cream wafers, cheese balls, chicken rings, vegetable and chicken flavoured products, corn snacks, green pea snacks, rice crackers, cheese snacks, cuttlefish flavoured snacks, and onion rings. The company exported those products to many Middle East countries and European countries. RATIO ANALYSIS LIQUID RATIO Liquidity means that the amount of money available to the company to pay off its short term debts. The higher liquidity ratio is the safer the company is. The common liquidity ratios are current ratio and the quick ratio. Current ratio = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =179.25 times = 118.15 times = 193.16 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =169.00 times = 140.57 times = 0.92 times Short-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firm’s assets are working to grow the business. One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may include many items that are difficult to liquidate quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. Quick ratio = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =179.25 times = 118.15 times = 193.16 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =169.00 times = 140.57 times = 0.92 times The quick ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does not include inventory in the current assets. The current assets used in the quick ratio are cash, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. These assets essentially are current assets less inventory. The quick ratio often is referred to as the acid test ratio. ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS Asset management ratios are the key to analyzing how effectively and efficiency your small business is managing its assets to produce sales. Asset management ratios otherwise called turnover ratios or efficiency ratios. When the company spends huge amount to buy assets then the company’s operating capital will be high. If the company do not invest then the sales will reduce and will affect the company lot through cash flow profit and stock prices. Asset management ratio will tell how efficiently and how effectively the company is using the assets to generate the revenue. They indicate the ability of a company to translate its assets into the sales. Common examples of asset turnover ratios include fixed asset turnover, inventory turnover, accounts payable turnover ratio, accounts receivable turnover ratio, and cash conversion cycle. These ratios provide important insights into different financial areas of the company and its highlights its strengths and weaknesses. High asset turnover ratios are good for the company because they mean that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently to produce sales. Low mean vies versa. Total asset turnover Total asset turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a company’s use of its assets to product sales. It is a measure of how efficiently management is using the assets at its disposal to promote sales. The ratio helps to measure the productivity of a company’s assets. Total asset turnover ratio Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 =0.046 times = 0.047 times = 0.150 times Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 =0.040 times = 0.096 times = 0.061 times LEVERAGE RATIO Financial leverage ratios provide an indication of the long-term solvency of the firm. Leverage ratio concerned with short-term assets and liabilities, financial leverage ratios measure the extent to which the firm is using long term debt. The main factors looked at include debt, equity, assets and interest expenses. Debt ratio A ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets . A debt ratio of greater than 1 indicates that a company has more debt than assets; meanwhile, a debt ratio of less than 1 indicates that a company has more assets than debt. Debt ratio= Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.29% = 0.53% = 0.32% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.25% = 0.31% = 0.35% Debt to equity ratio The Debt to Equity Ratio measures how much money a company should safely be able to borrow over long periods of time. This is a measurement of how much suppliers, lenders, creditors and obligors have committed to the company versus what the shareholders have committed. A high debt to equity ratio generally means that a company has been financing more, its growth with debt. This can result in volatile earnings as a result of the additional interest expense. Debt equity ratio= Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.29% = 0.53% = 0.33% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 0.25% = 0.31% = 0.35% Interest cover ratio The interest cover ratio tells us the safety margin that the business has in terms of being able to meet its interest obligations. The higher interest cover means that the company is in the safe side to meet the interest from the company profits. The lower interest cover is danger to the company. The formula for the interest coverage ratio is used to measure a company’s earnings relative to the amount of interest that it pays. Interest cover ratio= *there is zero % interest cover ratio since there is no interest in Apollo food holdings berhad *there is zero % interest cover ratio since there is no interest in Oriental food industries berhad PROFITABILITY RATIOS Each and every company will most concern about their profitability. So these profitability ratios will help those lots. Gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity are some profitability ratios. The profitability ratios will show how profitable the company is. These ratios will measure the overall performance for the company. The profitability ratios can be used to see how well the firm is operating and how well the current performance with past years. Gross profit margin The gross profit margin ratio tells us the profit a business makes on its cost of sales, or cost of goods sold. It is a very simple idea and it tells us how much gross profit per RM1 of turnover our business is earning. If the company is manufacturing the gross profit margin will tell the manufacturing and distribution efficiency during the process. The higher gross profit margin is better for the business. Gross profit margin= *Gross profit margin for Apollo food holdings berhad cannot calculate since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. *Gross profit margin for Oriental food industries berhad cannot calculate since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. Net profit margin Net profit margin measures how much of each ringgit earned by the company is translated into profits. Net profit margin provides clues to the company’s pricing policies, cost structure and production efficiency. Net profit margin is an indicator of how efficient a company is and how well it controls its costs. Net profit margin is mostly used to compare company’s results over time. The higher net profit margin means huge profits for the company. Net profit margin = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 87.90% = 169.26% = 101.48% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 61.89% = 87.12% = 85.03% Return on assets Where asset turnover tells an investor the total sales for each RM1 of assets, return on assets. Return on assets gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Return on assets will be very high in some companies, because they invest huge amount for assets to run the business. Such as telecommunication, car manufacturing, railway etc. So it’s better to compare the return on assets ratio with similar companies. Return on assets = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 4.01% = 7.96% = 15.23% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 2.49% = 8.34% = 5.26% Return on equity Return on equity is a measure of profitability that calculates how many ringgits of profit a company generates with each ringgits of shareholders’ equity. Return on equity otherwise called net worth. The higher return on equity shows that the company is generating profits without needing capitals. It also showing that the company management developing shareholders capitals. Return on equity = Apollo food holdings berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 4.02% = 8.00% = 15.28% Oriental food industries berhad 2009 2010 2011 = 2.49% = 8.37% = 5.28% // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

How to Read and Write Files in Perl

Perl is an ideal language for working with files. It has the basic capability of any shell script and advanced tools, such as regular expressions, that make it useful. In order to work with Perl files, you first need to learn how to read and write to them. Reading a file is done in Perl by opening a filehandle to a specific resource. Reading a File in Perl In order to work with the example in this article, youll need a file for the Perl script to read. Create a new text document called  data.txt  and place it in the same directory as the Perl program below. In the file itself, just type in a few names — one per line: When you run the script, the output should be the same as the file itself. The script is simply opening the specified file and looping through it line by line, printing each line as it goes. Next, create a filehandle called MYFILE, open it, and point it at the  data.txt file. Then use a simple while loop to automatically read each line of the data file one at a time. This places the value of each line in the temporary variable $_ for one loop. Inside the loop, use the chomp function to clear off the newlines from the end of each line and then print the value of $_ to show that it was read. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program. Writing to a File in Perl Take the same data file you worked with while learning to read a file in Perl. This time, you will write to it. To write to a file in Perl, you must open a filehandle and point it at the file youre writing. If youre using Unix, Linux or a Mac, you might also need to double-check your file permissions to see if your Perl script is allowed to write to the data file. If you run this program and then run the program from the previous section on reading a file in Perl, youll see that it added one more name to the list. In fact, every time you run the program, it adds another Bob to the end of the file. This is happening because the file was opened in  append  mode. To open a file in append mode, just prefix the filename with the  Ã‚  symbol. This tells the open function that you want to write to the file by tacking more onto the end of it. If  instead,  you want to overwrite the existing file with a new one, you use the  Ã‚  single greater than symbol to tell the open function that you want a fresh file each time. Try replacing the with a and you see that the data.txt file is cut down to a single name — Bob — each time you run the program. Next, use the print function to print the new name to the file. You print to a filehandle by following the print statement with the filehandle. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program.